Educational Objectives: Describe the importance of the primitive reflexes Explain the role of fundamental patterns Summarize the generation of cortical release signs Diagram the muscle – brain interactions and the hypothalamus – hormonal feedback loop Define deaffrentation Explain spinal dyscoupling and its effect on the neuraxis Explain how the balance system depends on symmetrical input Describe the relationship between the deep tendon monosynaptic reflexes and posture control Explain the importance of the tonic neck reflexes to posture and functional assessment Describe the flexion and extension synergistic patterns Explain the function of the flexor withdrawal reflex in relation to central pattern generators Outline the role of the Galant reflex in postural control Explain the relationship between the flexor withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex. Describe the anticipated response in testing the upper Galant reflex Outline the normal display of the tonic lumbar reflex Explain the etiology of cortical release signs Describe the determinant of posture Outline the test for normal stance and gait and analyze the results Describe the types of muscle fibers and how they respond to deaffrentation Outline the anatomy of the cerebellum Explain the function of the various areas of the cerebellum Outline the afferent cerebellar pathways Describe the efferent cerebellar pathways and their interconnections Summarize the blood supply to the cerebellum and brain stem Describe the relationship between cerebellar output and autonomic function List the signs of pathological cerebellar expression Explain the concept of surround inhibition Recognize how variations in functional muscle testing procedure will yield different clinical information Explain the difference is the influence of uniarticulate muscles versus multiarticulate muscle on stability and affrentation Describe the normal responses of the primitive reflexes Explain the role of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems Select appropriate procedures to test for pyramidal distribution of weakness Describe exercises to address pyramidal distribution of weakness Recognize the foundational concept of receptor input Explain the role of the primitive reflexes as a diagnostic tool Summarize how functional manual muscle testing can reveal the presence of deaffrentation
