The spinal cord is the main conduit that connects the brain to the rest of the body. Being encased within the vertebral column can act as a double edge sword. On one hand it provides protection and on the other hand it can expose the spinal cord to damage through a myriad of degenerative and traumatic conditions. This module we review the structure/function of the spinal cord and those degenerative, traumatic, inflammatory, and vascular conditions that impair its function.